LLLT/PBMT – How Does It Work?
The Science Of Low Level Laser Therapy – How does it work?
Laser therapy aims to biostimulate cells in the body. Because of the low-power nature of low level lasers, the effects are photochemical, similar to photosynthesis in plants, and biochemical rather than thermal. Low Level Laser Therapy does not heat or cut tissue.
The following biological effects have been described with low level laser therapy:
- Growth factor and cell-signalling responses within cells and tissue, associated with ATP and protein synthesis, improved cell proliferation and changes in cell membrane permeability to calcium uptake.
- Pain modulation, including endorphin release, serotonin changes and suppression of nociceptor action.
- Modulation of immune and inflammatory responses via lymphocyte activity and mechanisms described as photomodulation of blood.
One of the main mechanisms of action occurs in the mitochondria, the cellular power plant inside every cell. The primary effect is thought to occur when light is absorbed by cytochrome c oxidase, a protein within the mitochondria.
When cells become stressed, such as through disease, injury or ageing, mitochondria may produce nitric oxide (NO). NO can competitively displace oxygen from cytochrome c oxidase, consequently reducing ATP, an essential intracellular cellular energy and extracellular signalling molecule, and contributing to an overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is associated with inflammation and cell death through pathways involving the gene transcription factor NF-kB.
Low-Level Light, Mitochondrial Function and Tissue Response
When PBMT/LLLT is delivered using appropriate wavelength and energy density, light absorption by cytochrome c oxidase can dissociate NO, allowing oxygen back into the mitochondrial respiratory chain. This can support ATP production and reduce oxidative stress.
When mitochondrial signalling is influenced in this way, cellular metabolism may become more favourable to tissue recovery and inflammatory modulation. The effect on normally functioning tissue is usually limited compared with tissue affected by injury, irritation or inflammation.
Non-Invasive and Generally Well Tolerated
PBMT/LLLT is non-invasive and generally well tolerated. Appropriate clinical assessment, device selection and treatment parameters are used to support appropriate application.
How it works – LLLT Video
